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MEMORANDUM
FROM : EDUARDO MORGAN, JR.
TO : PANAMANIAN BANKING ASSOCIATION [ASOCIACIÓN BANCARIA DE PANAMA]
DATE : MAY 3, 2012
SUBJECT : BEARER SHARES
_________________________________________________________________________
With regard to Bearer Shares, there was a delay in the disclosure of the IMF’s and OECD’s requirements. It was actually throughout the entire process that culminated with Law 2 of February 1, 2011 –a complement to and development of Executive Decree No. 468 of September 8, 1994 which reinforced the Resident Agent’s obligation to “Know Your Customer” and document their identity– that we managed to gather information on what these organizations required. This resulted in the INTERNATIONAL LAWYERS ASSOCIATION being convinced that there is no need to modify Law 32 insofar as Bearer Shares are concerned, because our system already more than meets the international requirement to “Know Your Customer” and document who they are. This brought about the unanimous approval of the General Assembly on December 5, 2011 and the letter from the National Government dated January 5, 2012 (Attached hereto).
I transcribe below from the 2006 Evaluation of Panama by the International Monetary Fund and also the Global Forum’s Terms of Reference. Both deal with bearer shares and define what are considered to be the internationally accepted principles for knowing the shareholder in the case of Legal Entities. As we shall see, our system meets these standards.
INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND
Preventive Measures: Non-financial activities and professions designated
vi) As has already been said, the identity of shareholders is not disclosed in the Public Registry.
In practice, the information available in the Public Registry and in the resident agents’ files is not sufficiently useful to determine the true ownership and control structure of legal entities, especially of bearer share corporations.
The Panamanian authorities have not given any indication of any plan to address this issue. Given the country’s specialization as a service provider for the setting up of offshore companies, this constitutes a significant deficiency in its AML/CTF system, unless there is sufficient evidence that the judicial and investigative authorities have been successful in identifying the companies’ beneficial owners”.
The following quote comes from the Global Forum’s “TERMS OF REFERENCE”:
“A. Availability of Information – Essential Elements
A.1 Jurisdictions should ensure that ownership and identity information for all relevant entities and arrangements is available to their competent authorities.
A.1.1. Jurisdictions should ensure that information is available to their competent authorities that identifies the owners of companies and any bodies corporate. Owners include legal owners, and, in any case where a legal owner acts on behalf of any other person as a nominee or under a similar arrangement, that other person, as well as persons in an ownership chain.
A.1.2. Where jurisdictions permit the issuance of bearer shares they should have appropriate mechanisms in place that allow the owners of such shares to be identified. One possibility among others is a custodial arrangement with a recognized custodian or other similar arrangement to immobilize such shares”.The most effective “mechanism”, much more so than that of custodian or immobilization, is the one that Panama has in place: a Resident Agent identified in the Public Registry and in the Supreme Court of Justice and subject, moreover, to the legal obligation of knowing the client and documenting their identity. This is precisely the end result that ever since 2006 and to this day, Senator Carl Levin has sought in vain to achieve with his Incorporation Transparency and Law Enforcement Assistance Act bill, the preamble whereof I quoted at the Round Table of the National Lawyers Association held this past Thursday, February 2 and which I made available, together with other documents, to the participants in said Round Table. (May be consulted on Senator Levin’s website). (Included as an attachment hereto)
As final proof of the compliance with the “Principles” indicated by both the IMF and the GL (the OECD), we have the certification wherein the Attorney General of the Nation, Panama’s highest investigative authority, at the request of our association and by means of DPG-085-2010 Note of July 19, 2010, certified the following:
“It should be pointed out that the Panamanian system that makes known who the directors, officers and resident agent of any corporation are, through the public registry, allows the authorities to have ways of investigating who is the ultimate beneficial owner of a corporation in Panama, even if bearer shares were issued. An example of the foregoing are the cases in which, through the resident agent, we have been able to locate the ultimate beneficial owner of these companies, given said agent’s “know your customer” obligation, based on the provisions of Executive Decree No. 468 of September 8, 1994”.
Subsequent to this certification, Law 2 of February 2, 2011 was approved and enacted, which reinforces the “know your customer” obligation and establishes sanctions for those who fail to fulfill this obligation.
It is important that our government, with our association’s assistance, makes it clear to the Global Forum, the OECD and the IMF that our system of identifying the directors and officers of Legal Entities is the most appropriate system and the one that should be imitated by other countries. This system is precisely the one pursued by the bill proposed by Senator Levin. In the case of the U.S., since they do not have our Resident Agent-lawyer system, his bill proposes that the States be the ones that establish the mechanisms for documenting knowledge of the client. As may be evidenced from the bill’s preamble and from the hearings that have been held to discussed it, the States’ opposition to the bill lies in the cost that it would represent to them. In Panama, this cost is being borne by us lawyers without any contribution from the National Government.
As for the Banking sector’s position of not doing business with Bearer share corporations, the flexibility of our law, which permits the prohibition of the issuance of said shares, is used to satisfy the banking policy. It is also used in those cases where the selection for concessions or contracts with government entities is conditioned upon the company not being able to issue them. This is also the case for companies engaged in the business of banking, insurance, security brokerage and the like.
It is clear that our institutions, which are pillars of our international services economy, including banking, legal entities (Corporations and Foundations), Ship Registry, are an example for the international community and serve as a model for and are copied by other jurisdictions and countries.
“We are writing to you in reference to a “JOINT STATEMENT FROM THE UNITED STATES, FRANCE, GERMANY, ITALY, SPAIN AND THE UNITED KINGDOM REGARDING AN INTERGOVERNMENTAL APPROACH TO IMPROVING INTERNATIONAL TAX COMPLIANCE AND IMPLEMENTING FATCA” (“the Joint Statement,” attached), released on February 8, 2012. …
https://sites.morimor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2012/08/Carta-25-julio12-Senadores-al-Tesoro-vs-Fatca-etc.pdf
From the Center for Freedom and Prosperity
(Washington, D.C., Wednesday, August 1, 2012) Four US Senators are demanding details from Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner regarding a recent plan to impose significant financial burdens on US institutions in exchange for international compliance with the burdensome FATCA (Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act) law. The letter from Senators Rand Paul (R-KY), Jim DeMint (R-SC), Mike Lee (R-UT), and Saxby Chambliss (R-GA) questions Secretary Geithner over a new plan to enter into an agreement with five European nations committed to automatic exchange of tax information.
In addition to pointing out the odd lack of identifying information accompanying the initial Joint Statement by Treasury and the five European partner countries, such as the name of the authors, the letter echoes several key arguments long offered by the Center for Freedom and Prosperity, including: 1) A lack of clear Congressional authority to engage in this sort of broad policymaking at the agency level; 2) The absence of any evidence that Treasury has weighed the costs and benefits relating to FATCA and similar regulations; 3) The threat to privacy and human rights, and the potential misuse of personal data posed by new reporting rules, including by a recently adopted IRS regulation requiring the domestic reporting of interest paid to nonresident alien accounts; and, 4) The disturbing role played by the OECD in developing domestic tax policy.
Link to the letter: https://freedomandprosperity.org/files/fatca/4SenFATCAltr%2007-25-2012.pdf
Andrew Quinlan, President of the Center for Freedom and Prosperity, said of the agreement, “The letter shows a welcome understanding by the Senators of the benefits of tax competition and financial privacy, as well as the threat posed to its practice by overzealous bureaucrats.” He concluded, “The new multinational agreement is a brainchild of the OECD and just more of the same scorched earth approach to tax policy that CF&P has long fought. It demonstrates once again why the US needs to cut funding to the Paris-based bureaucracy. ”
CF&P’s Director of Government Affairs, Brian Garst, added, “The automatic exchange of information has long been the holy grail for the OECD and high-tax nations intent on preventing the legal flight of capital in response to bad tax policies. Enactment of this agreement will only encourage higher taxes and further cripple the global economy.”
CF&P’s mission is to educate the public and members of Congress on the benefits of tax competition, financial privacy and fiscal sovereignty, including the dangers posed by the OECD and how passage of laws like FATCA represent a misguided foray into fiscal imperialism that will backfire and drive investment out of the US economy.
For more information on FATCA visit https://freedomandprosperity.org/issues/foreign-account-tax-compliance-act/
For more information on the OECD visit https://freedomandprosperity.org/issues/oecd-pro-tax-international-bureaucracy/
For more information on the IRS regulation visit https://freedomandprosperity.org/issues/irs-information-sharing-regulation/
For additional comments:
Andrew Quinlan can be reached at 202-285-0244, [email protected]
Brian Garst, Director of Government Affairs, can be reached at [email protected]
From The Center for Freedom and Prosperity
I’m not a fan of international bureaucracies.
I’ve criticized the United Nations for wanting global taxes. I’ve condemned the International Monetary Fund for promoting bigger government. I’ve even excoriated the largely unknown Basel Committee on Banking Supervision for misguided regulations that contributed to the financial crisis.
But the worse international bureaucracy, at least when measured on a per-dollar-spent basis, has to be the Paris-based Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
American taxpayers finance nearly one-fourth of the OECD’s budget, at a cost of more than $100 million per year, and in exchange we get a never-ending stream of bad policy recommendations.
This Center for Freedom and Prosperity study has all the gory details. The OECD bureaucrats (who get tax-free salaries, by the way) endorsed Obamacare, supported the failed stimulus, and are big advocates of a value-added tax for America.
What’s especially frustrating is that the OECD initially was designed to be a relatively innocuous bureaucracy that focused on statistics. Indeed, it was even viewed as a free-market counterpart to the Soviet Bloc’s Council for Mutual Economic Assistance.
My, how things change.
Perhaps the most odious example of bad OECD policy is the campaign against tax competition. Beginning during the 1990s, the OECD has attacked low-tax jurisdiction for the supposed crime of having good tax laws that attract jobs and capital from high-tax nations such as France and Greece.
So why did the OECD launch this project to prop up Europe’s welfare states? The answer can be found in an excellent new study from Professor Andrew Morriss at the University of Alabama Law School and Lotta Moberg, a Ph.D student in economics at George Mason University.
It’s a publication designed for academic journals, but it avoids jargon and gibberish, so a regular person can read and understand how the OECD has morphed from a harmless (though presumably still wasteful) bureaucracy into a force for global statism. Here are some of the key findings in the study.
…this transition was in part the result of entrepreneurship by a group of OECD staff, who spotted an opportunity to expand their mission, bringing with it a concomitant increase in resources and prestige. They accomplished this by providing a framework for interests within a group of high tax states to create a cartel that would channel competition in tax policy away from areas where those states had a competitive disadvantage and toward areas in which they had a competitive advantage. …These states then sought to restrict tax competition, which in turn required them to create a means of delegitimizing such competition and by preventing each other from defecting from the cartel by lowering tax rates unilaterally. …The French…realized that single-country financial controls were unworkable within a global financial system.
In other words, the bureaucrats at the OECD and governments from decrepit welfare states like France both saw a benefit in creating a tax cartel.
This “OPEC for politicians” is grossly contrary to good tax policy, international comity, and national sovereignty. But those factors didn’t matter.
Unfortunately, it’s quite likely that we will see further schemes from the OECD and other international bureaucracies. The politicians have learned that transnational cartels increase their power.
…the evolution of the OECD from a facilitator of economic competition to a cartel enforcer represents something new in international organization behavior. …The cartelization of tax policy is an important effort to hold off the impact of the forces unleashed by competition on a more level playing field, but it is certainly not the only one. …If the opportunity is provided, it may be better from a politician’s point of view to form a cartel on taxation as a protection. With a cartel, there are fewer constraints on domestic policy, improving the politicians’ welfare by increasing the degrees of freedom available to satisfy domestic constituents and win re-election.
Needless to say, it is outrageous that the politicians in Washington are sending more than $100 million to Paris every year to subsidize this bureaucracy. For all intents and purposes, we are being coerced into paying for a bunch of European bureaucrats so they can then advocate even bigger government in the United States.
And those bureaucrats get tax-free salaries why pushing for higher taxes for the rest of us!
Can anyone think of a more destructive item in the federal budget, at least when measured on a per-dollar-spent basis? I can’t. That’s why I’ve been fighting the OECD for years, even to the point that the bureaucrats threatened to put me in a Mexican jail for the “crime” of standing in the public lobby of a public hotel.
by Eduardo Morgan Jr.
*This article was published by Global Financial Integrity, STEP and EPrivateClient. Tax Notes International will publish it soon.
Dr. Eduardo Morgan, Jr., LL.M. Yale University, Law School, Senior Partner, Morgan & Morgan, and former ambassador of the Republic of Panama in Washington, D.C., provides an exclusive and in-depth analysis of the Global Forum´s Peer Review Report (GF PRR) 2011 rating for the U.S. He exposes the unacceptable double standard of the OECD towards the U.S., its principal member, and documents how the U.S. preaches “transparency and exchange of Information for tax purposes”, while offering foreigners and financial intermediaries a complete shield of information from their countries of origin (with the exception of Canada), thus attracting more than 10 trillion dollars in tax free foreign investments and bank deposits. Consequently, he corroborates what several scholars and studies have revealed that the U.S. is the greatest tax haven in the world.
Although on April 17, 2012, the IRS finally issued rules under Sec 6049 requiring U.S. financial institutions to report interest payments to certain nonresident alien individuals, Dr. Morgan notes that these rules, published on April 19 in the Federal Register, apply only to bank deposits in certain savings institutions and insurance companies with agreements to pay interests to natural persons. Furthermore, the IRS purposely excludes reporting requirements for foreign bank accounts of legal entities, clients shielded under the QI Agreement, and other exempt income such as interests on bonds or capital gains. Therefore, for the purpose of transparency and exchange of information these rules are seriously flawed.
The study is highly relevant In light of recent events and current global discussions on the issue of “Transparency and Exchange of Tax Information”. Dr. Morgan quotes numerous studies, OECD documents and U.S. Government reports, clearly revealing facts that seriously undermine the credibility of the GF. He discloses the OECD scheme “to prevent non-traditional financial centers from competing with their partners in financial business activities” and concludes his analysis by acknowledging the leadership of the U.S. in global affairs. insisting on its ethical obligation for consistency both in practice and in policy.
https://sites.morimor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2012/05/PEER-REVIEW-April-26-2012.pdf
By Andrew Quinlan
Published on Center for Freedom and Prosperity Foundation
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), through its Global Forum on Transparency and Exchange of Information for Tax Purposes, claims that it is working to “ensure that all jurisdictions adhere to the same high standard of international cooperation in tax matters.” CF&P has long pointed out that the OECD’s real objective is to use this supposed “high standard of international cooperation” as a back-door means to protect high-tax jurisdictions by limiting tax competition. To accomplish this the OECD does two things: 1) It attacks low-tax jurisdictions and attempts to saddle them with restrictions reducing their attractiveness to foreign investment and, 2) it hypocritically ignores many of the very same policies it condemns in smaller jurisdictions when they are employed by the larger nations.
https://freedomandprosperity.org/2012/blog/the-oecds-double-standard/
Continue reading (English) The OECD’s Double Standard
Alon Kaplan, LL.M., TEP
Alon Kaplan, LL.M. (Jerusalem);partner of MMG Kaplex Trust, a member of the Morgan & Morgan Group; was admitted to the Israel Bar in 1970 and appointed a Notary in 1989. He was admitted to the New York Bar in 1990 and was licensed in Germany as a Rechtsbeistand in 1991. He has been an adjunct lecturer at the Law Faculty of Tel Aviv University and at the Interdisciplinary Center, Herzliya. Presently a lecturer at Tel Aviv Univesity Facultyof Law LLM Program. He is currently Academic Coordinator and Lecturer of the STEP Diploma Course at the Institute of Advanced Studies at Tel Aviv University’s Faculty of Law. Alon Kaplan is also a member of the British-based Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP), was a member of the STEP Council and is currently Deputy Chairman of its Development Committee. After ten years as Chairman of the Israel Branch of STEP, Alon Kaplan now serves as its president.
Alon Kaplan is a member of the International Academy of Estate and Trust Law, Jurists and a member of the Board of Directors of the Israel-America Chamber of Commerce and the Israel Switzerland Chamberce of Commerce. He has advised the Israeli Tax Authority on trust legislation. Continue reading (English) The Offshore-Onshore Merry-Go-Round – By Alon Kaplan
Published by Center for Freedom and Prosperity (CF&P)
(Washington, D.C., Tuesday, May 15, 2012) In light of today’s Treasury Department hearing on the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act (FATCA), the Center for Freedom and Prosperity (CF&P) is again taking the opportunity to call upon Congress to repeal the legislation. As the Treasury Department holds its public hearing today on the next major phase of implementing the draconian new financial reporting requirements, CF&P President Andrew Quinlan offered the following statement:
“Regulators have already pushed the FATCA deadline back once, and still many banks indicate they will be unable to comply in time. The law is unworkable, the requirements unnecessary, and the projected tax revenues much lower than the economic costs. Efforts by Treasury to implement the law without incurring significant economic damage are futile. It is incumbent upon Congress to take action, as only they can completely undo the mess which they created.”
Passed in 2010 as part of the Hiring Incentives to Restore Employment Act, FATCA threatens foreign financial centers with a 30% withholding requirement on US accounts if they don’t comply with draconian new reporting requirements. Citing the added hassle, many institutions have already begun dropping American clients and divesting in US assets, reducing much needed investment in the US economy. With fewer institutions willing to serve them, Americans living overseas are finding it difficult simply to open bank accounts, and are renouncing their US citizenship at a growing rate.
Many of the comments submitted during the comment period noted the excessive costs of implementing FATCA regulations, while also warning of disastrous consequences. The law has made US citizens a toxic liability, and provides a strong incentive for foreign financial institutions to disinvest in the US economy. FATCA’s fiscal imperialism is furthermore creating ill will toward the US.
CF&P has consistently warned of these and other dangers posed by FATCA. In previous letters CF&P has called upon Congress to repeal the law, and is reiterating that position today, while asking for Treasury to conduct a cost-benefit analysis, which would demonstrate the folly of passing, in the name of collecting taxes, laws that extract a higher cost from the economy than are expected to be collected in new revenues.
From The Center for Freedom and Prosperity
(Washington, D.C., Wednesday, April 18, 2012) The IRS has announced that they will adopt an unpopular proposed regulation to require reporting of interest paid to nonresident alien depositors. The interest is not taxable under the US tax code, and both lawmakers and experts predict it will result in a loss of foreign investment in the US.
https://freedomandprosperity.org/2012/press-releases/cfp-president-denounces-destructive-job-killing-regulation/
Alan Winston Granwell
Bruce Zagaris
The Increasing Convergence Among Tax, Criminal, Money Laundering, and Evidence Gathering
Summary:
•Anti-tax haven bills will constantly be appended to appropriations legislation in this Session of Congress and in future ones.
•The lack of actual reciprocity by the US government, as opposed to the rhetoric, may well lead to dispute resolution proceedings with OECD and FATF.
•A global trend towards criminalization of tax compliance and enforcement will continue.
•In this regard, a continuing trend is the convergence of international tax enforcement cooperation with other areas of the law, including criminal law, money laundering, asset forfeiture, and international evidence gathering.
•Despite the growing specialization within tax law, tax enforcement will require increasing knowledge and use of other legal areas due to their increasing convergence.
•International organizations, such as the OECD, will continue their projects on the role of, and accountability for, banks and other financial intermediaries in tax compliance and enforcement.
•There will be a continuing convergence between tax enforcement and cooperation. Hence, the OECD will continue to emphasize exchange of information and cooperation in its tax transparency initiative.
•The emphasis will turn to automatic exchanges of information.
•Disagreements are likely to continue among OECD and developing countries about the proper financial architecture, not only in tax policy, but also financial regulation.
•If possible, the G8 countries will try to continue to centralize decision-making in elite informal groups (e.g., G20, OECD).
•Non-governmental organizations, such as Tax Justice Network (TJN), Global Integrity, Greenpeace, and others are all playing more important roles in international tax enforcement.
•Intermediaries and service providers must take stock of professional rules of conduct, reporting rules, and conflicts in jurisdiction rules to determine which laws apply and do their best to both advise their clients while adhering to the ever-dynamic international compliance and enforcement regimes.
https://sites.morimor.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/20/2012/04/International-Tax-Enforcement-v3-Read-Only.pdf Continue reading (English) The Rise of International Tax Enforcement. Bloomberg April, 2012
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